Top Canada Web Development Companies
Canada’s tech scene stretches from Toronto’s Financial District to Vancouver’s creative studios, with Waterloo, Calgary, and Montréal all housing world-class coders. Whether you need a head-turning marketing site or a complex SaaS platform, Canadian web developers combine North American quality with competitive pricing. On Clutch, every provider is vetted through detailed client interviews, star-rated, and easy to filter by budget, industry, or tech stack. Use the sidebar to narrow results—perhaps you only want Shopify pros in Ottawa or bilingual teams in Québec. However you slice it, Clutch’s data-driven rankings help you hire Canada Web Development Companies you can trust.
Explore the global list of Top Web Development Companies
Compare nearby directories
Additionally, you might need to pair excellent development with outstanding design. Browse our directory of Top Web Design Companies in Canada.
Need a niche partner? Check out Canadian Healthcare Web Developers
-
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Serves CanadaServices provided
See all 26 projectsTrue Market is a web development company specializing in custom website development and web design. Feedback from their clients is overwhelmingly positive, with 100% of reviewers highlighting their creativity, effective communication, and commitment to deadlines. Clients commend True Market's ability to understand client needs and deliver high-quality, user-friendly, and visually appealing websites, often exceeding expectations.
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Serves CanadaServices provided
See all 7 projectsDoodle Web is a web development company specializing in custom website development, web design, and SEO optimization services. The reviews highlight their strengths in enhancing online visibility, creating professional and modern websites, and delivering projects on time. With consistent positive feedback, over 95% of reviewers commend their responsiveness, attention to detail, and ability to align projects with clients' goals.
$25,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Serves CanadaServices provided
See all 8 projectsHooman Studio is a web development company specializing in custom website development, branding, and online development. Their services are consistently praised, with over 90% positive feedback highlighting their creativity, project management, and ability to deliver projects on time and within budget. Reviewers frequently commend their design work and seamless communication.
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Serves CanadaServices provided
See all 15 projectsOrthoplex Solutions is a full-stack web development company specializing in custom website development and web application development. The company consistently received positive feedback, with 100% of reviewers praising their professionalism, responsiveness, and ability to meet tight deadlines. Notably, 86% of reviews highlighted their excellent communication and project management skills. Their expertise in web design and development, as well as their client-focused approach, make them a preferred choice for many businesses.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Rapport Inc., a small graphic design company, is headquartered in Toronto, Canada. The team provides Graphic Design and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Winnipeg, Canada
Services provided
HAsystem Tech, Inc. Is a small Winnipeg, Canada-based custom software development company. The team offers Custom Software Development and Artificial Intelligence.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
InterDream Designs is a web design agency. In Toronto, Canada, the agency was founded in 2002. Their services include Web Design and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Point Edward, Canada
Services provided
Confidence I.T. Canada is an IT managed services company launched in 2001. In Point Edward, Canada, the team offers IT managed services and BI & big data consulting & SI.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9Shawinigan, Canada
Services provided
PmeWeb is a web design company. Founded in 2026, the team offers Web Design and Web Development. The company is headquartered in Shawinigan, Canada.
Read more -
$10,000+< $25 / hr1,000 - 9,999Brampton, Canada
Services provided
See all 64 projectsBacancy Technology is a full-stack web development company specializing in custom website development, web application development, and web design. The company receives predominantly positive feedback, with clients praising their project management, expertise, and commitment to client success. Approximately 80% of reviewers highlight their ability to deliver on time and efficiently integrate feedback, though a few note minor issues with time zone coordination or initial quality assurance processes.
-
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Burnaby, Canada
Services provided
Global Social Media Service is a social media marketing company. They offer Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing and are headquartered in London, England and Burnaby, Canada.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9Vancouver, Canada
Services provided
Based in Izmir, Türkiye and Vancouver, Canada, HeyPager! is a small web design company. The team focuses on Web Design and E-Commerce Development.
Read more -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Vancouver, Canada
Services provided
The Magistrate is a PPC agency. The Vancouver, Canada-based company was launched in 2010. Their services include Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Montréal, Canada
Services provided
Tripnologies Inc. Is a small application development company. They specialize in Mobile App Development and Web Development and were established in 2010.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Montréal, Canada
Services provided
Reactorbits is a small software development firm. They focus on Custom Software Development and E-Commerce Development and were launched in 2015.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
Cudest is a small Mississauga, Canada-based mobile app development company. Their services include Mobile App Development and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Regina, Canada
Services provided
Headquartered in Regina, Canada, MS Comp Services is a custom software development company. The team specializes in Custom Software Development and Web Development.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr50 - 249Ajax, Canada
Services provided
ERP consulting and SI company Philodesign Technologies Inc is located in Pune, India and Ajax, Canada. Their services include ERP consulting and SI and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed250 - 999Hamilton, Canada
Services provided
In Tampa, Florida and Visakhapatnam, India, SRI Tech Solutions is an IT strategy consulting company. The team focuses on IT strategy consulting and Custom Software Development.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr10 - 49Ajax, Canada
Services provided
See all 2 projectsDevant IT Solutions Pvt Ltd provides Website Development and Search Engine Optimization (SEO) services, offering visually appealing web design and robust online development solutions. Client feedback highlights their ability to deliver high-quality web programming projects efficiently, with seamless communication and a strong alignment with client values, resulting in increased website traffic, improved user engagement, and enhanced brand visibility.
-
$25,000+$25 - $49 / hr10,000+Vancouver, Canada
Services provided
See all 1 projectsPersistent Systems excels in custom web development and web service solutions, specifically in Java web service and low-code process management tools. Their reviews highlight a 100% positive feedback rate, praising their flexibility, critical thinking, and excellent communication. Notably, 67% of the feedback emphasizes their adaptability and investment in client success.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Oakville, Canada
Services provided
Launched in 2008, TechHighway Systems Inc. Is a small Oakville, Canada-based web development firm. Their services include Web Development and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$5,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249Fredericton, Canada
Services provided
Mobile application development firm SyntecX was launched in 2005. The midsize team focuses on Mobile App Development and Web Development.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr2 - 9Winnipeg, Canada
Services provided
MJ Marketing is a small Winnipeg, Canada-based pay per click company. The team focuses on Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$10,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9London, Canada
Services provided
Based in London, Canada, Red Square Labs Inc. Is a small Enterprise App Modernization company. Their services include Enterprise App Modernization and UX/UI Design.
Read more -
$10,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9London, Canada
Services provided
Simalam is an UX design company established in 2006. Their team specializes in UX/UI Design and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Moncton, Canada
Services provided
Small branding agency The Seamless Brand, is based in Moncton, Canada. Their services include Branding and Marketing Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Morden, Canada
Services provided
Mumford Connect Web Design, an e-commerce development company, was established in 2006. The company specializes in E-Commerce Development and IT managed services.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Kentville, Canada
Services provided
Elysian Web Design is a Kentville, Canada-based SEO agency. Founded in 2017, the team offers Search Engine Optimization and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Herring Cove, Canada
Services provided
Shoreline Consulting Group, Inc., a Content Marketing company, is located in Herring Cove, Canada. The team specializes in Content Marketing and IT managed services.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Kirkland, Canada
Services provided
Webenergy, an IT managed services company, is headquartered in Kirkland, Canada. They offer IT managed services and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Pictou , Canada
Services provided
SEO agency Media Ladder Digital Marketing was founded in 2016. The team focuses on Search Engine Optimization and Video Production and is located in Pictou , Canada.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
AZ Blockchain is a small Advertising company. Launched in 2017, the team focuses on Advertising and Blockchain.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Hantsport, Canada
Services provided
SAHDigital-22nd Century Ink is a graphic design agency. Their small team is based in Hantsport, Canada. Their services include Graphic Design and IT managed services.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Hammonds Plains, Canada
Services provided
Crossbow Interactive is an IT managed services company. They are headquartered in Hammonds Plains, Canada and have small team. Their team provides IT managed services and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Pangea Firm is a custom software development company. The Toronto, Canada-based firm was launched in 2015. Their team offers Custom Software Development and Business Consulting.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Salmon Arm, Canada
Services provided
Cedarlake Software is a software development firm established in 2016. The team specializes in Custom Software Development and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Veecode is a pay per click company. The Toronto, Canada-based company was established in 2016. Their services include Pay Per Click and Web Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury, Canada
Services provided
Launched in 2015, Cellulaire Marketing Quebec is a small mobile application development firm. Their team specializes in Mobile App Development and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Vaughan, Canada
Services provided
Advertix Web Design is a small Vaughan, Canada-based SEO services firm. Their services include Search Engine Optimization and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Peterborough, Canada
Services provided
Your Online Agents, a web design company, was founded in 2000. Headquartered in Peterborough, Canada, the team focuses on Web Design and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Oakville, Canada
Services provided
AFX Software is a big data company. In Oakville, Canada, the agency provides BI & big data consulting & SI and cloud consulting & SI.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Saskatoon, Canada
Services provided
Located in Saskatoon, Canada, Next Generation Apps is a small software development firm. The team specializes in Custom Software Development and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Montréal, Canada
Services provided
Nuaweb is a video production company. Their small team is in Montréal, Canada and offers Video Production and CRM consulting and SI. The firm was founded in 2018.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Established in 2016, AI Incorporated is a small Toronto, Canada-based Generative AI company. Their team focuses on Generative AI and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Bocabec, Canada
Services provided
Advancegro Marketing Group is a social media marketing company. Their team is based in Bocabec, Canada. The agency offers Social Media Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$25,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Burlington, Canada
Services provided
ANT SOFT is an Architectural Design company. Their small team is in Burlington, Canada and Lahore, Pakistan and offers Architectural Design and IT staff augmentation. The agency was launched in
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Established in 2021, GThrough Digital is a SEO services firm. The company specializes in Search Engine Optimization and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$10,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Vancouver, Canada
Services provided
See all 7 projectsGila Software offers Website Development, Web Design, and Web Programming services. Feedback from clients highlights the company's responsiveness, timely project delivery, and openness to client ideas. A recurring theme across reviews is their effective project management and ability to provide valuable insights through comprehensive dashboards.
-
$25,000+$50 - $99 / hr50 - 249Burnaby, Canada
Services provided
See all 35 projectsMobcoder is a web development company specializing in web application development, UX design, and front-end and back-end development. They have received overwhelmingly positive feedback, with 100% of reviewers praising their project management, communication skills, and responsiveness. Clients appreciate their professional approach, reliability, and ability to deliver projects on time and within budget, making them a preferred choice for complex and scalable online development projects.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosedFreelancerToronto, Canada
Services provided
Launched in 2002, Dandelion Web Design Inc. Is a small Toronto, Canada-based web design agency. Their services include Web Design and Web Development.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
IKBA SYSTEMS PVT LTD is a website development firm based in Ahmedabad, India and Toronto, Canada. The team provides Web Development and Mobile App Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
See all 2 projectsMetaSys Software is a full-stack web development company that excels in custom website and web application development. Their reviews indicate a strong commitment to understanding client needs and delivering high-quality solutions on time. Clients are impressed with their project management skills, which are consistently praised, while no significant areas for improvement are noted.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Saint John, Canada
Services provided
Pulse Communications is an e-commerce development firm. Their small team is located in Saint John, Canada. Their services include E-Commerce Development and Graphic Design.
Read more
Share your project goals, and we’ll connect you with verified partners who fit your budget and timeline.
Get My Matches
Tell us what you need — we’ll match you with top agencies in minutes.
Get My MatchesWhy Trust Clutch
At Clutch, we believe trust is the foundation of every business relationship. Our mission is to help buyers make confident, data-backed decisions informed by real client experiences.
Every review on Clutch undergoes a rigorous, human-led verification process to make sure it’s valid. Our team of specialists confirms the identity of each reviewer, ensures the project is legitimate, and only publishes reviews that meet our strict criteria.
Verification doesn’t stop at the point of publication. Our Trust & Safety team routinely audits older reviews against our guidelines. When reviews fall short of our standards, we remove them.
We evaluate service providers using a structured methodology that combines:
- In-depth client interviews and ratings
- Comprehensive project details
- Market presence
- Portfolio examples and industry recognition
This data powers tools like the Leaders Matrix, which helps you compare agencies directly. Our research team curates rankings by weighing verified reviews most heavily, so the most trusted and experienced providers rise to the top.
Using this unique combination of verified client feedback and provider-supplied insights, Clutch distills the most important details into clear, digestible summaries so you have everything you need to make confident, informed decisions quickly.
We take fraud seriously. Providers who violate our guidelines may face lower rankings, restricted visibility, or removal from the platform altogether.
Clutch’s commitment to transparency is ongoing. We’re constantly refining our systems to protect the integrity of reviews and support you in finding the right agency.
List of the Best Web Development Agencies in Canada
-
$75,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Vancouver, Canada
Ability to deliver
39.7/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Web Development30% Other -
$25,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Kelowna, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.9/40.017.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Web Development50% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.4/40.017.6/20 Reviews9.9/10 Clients & Experience8.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Web Development40% Other -
$75,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249Vancouver, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.4/40.017.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9/10 Market PresenceService focus
45% Web Development55% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
39.4/40.019.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Web Development70% Other -
$10,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249Vancouver, Canada
Ability to deliver
37/40.017.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Web Development70% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49White Rock, Canada
Ability to deliver
35/40.017.6/20 Reviews9.6/10 Clients & Experience7.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Web Development50% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
38.7/40.019.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Web Development75% Other -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249Thorold, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.3/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Web Development70% Other -
$75,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Montreal, Canada
Ability to deliver
33.8/40.014.6/20 Reviews9.7/10 Clients & Experience9.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Web Development30% Other -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
33.6/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
55% Web Development45% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Vancouver, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.1/40.016.4/20 Reviews9.8/10 Clients & Experience9.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Web Development70% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Lake Country, Canada
Ability to deliver
32.9/40.015.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
80% Web Development20% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Edmonton, Canada
Ability to deliver
38.3/40.018.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
15% Web Development85% Other -
$1,000+< $25 / hr50 - 249Markham, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.8/40.017/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Web Development80% Other -
$25,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
34/40.017/20 Reviews7.6/10 Clients & Experience9.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Web Development60% Other -
$25,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
37.8/40.018.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Web Development80% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.4/40.019.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Web Development75% Other -
$25,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Montreal, Canada
Ability to deliver
33.4/40.016.6/20 Reviews8.5/10 Clients & Experience8.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Web Development50% Other -
$100,000+$150 - $199 / hr1,000 - 9,999Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
32.6/40.015/20 Reviews9.1/10 Clients & Experience8.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
35% Web Development65% Other -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Surrey, Canada
Ability to deliver
32.4/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Web Development -
$50,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
38.2/40.019.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Web Development90% Other -
$25,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Montreal, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.7/40.017.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Web Development80% Other -
$50,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
32/40.015.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Web Development50% Other -
$10,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
33.1/40.020/20 Reviews7.1/10 Clients & Experience6.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Web Development60% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Vancouver, Canada
Ability to deliver
33.1/40.016.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Web Development60% Other -
$25,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Mississauga, Canada
Ability to deliver
34.1/40.017/20 Reviews9.5/10 Clients & Experience7.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Web Development60% Other -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Surrey, Canada
Ability to deliver
35.5/40.017.8/20 Reviews9.1/10 Clients & Experience8.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Web Development70% Other -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
33/40.016/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Web Development60% Other -
$25,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
35.4/40.017.4/20 Reviews9.5/10 Clients & Experience8.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Web Development70% Other
Top Web Development Agencies in Canada
A Canadian web development agency designs, builds, and maintains websites and web apps. Typical services include:
- Front-end and back-end coding (React, Node.js, PHP, .NET)
- CMS implementation (WordPress, Drupal, Craft)
- E-commerce builds on Shopify or Magento. Shopify itself is headquartered in Ottawa
- API integrations and cloud hosting (AWS, Azure, GCP)
- Ongoing QA, security hardening, and performance monitoring
Working with a local team offers several benefits:
- Shared time zones with U.S. clients but lower average hourly rates
- Familiarity with Canadian privacy laws (PIPEDA) and bilingual requirements
- Access to talent from universities like Waterloo and U of T, known for computer-science excellence
- Easier on-site collaboration if your HQ is in Toronto, Montréal, or Vancouver
Plus, many Canadian firms already serve global brands, so you get international standards with hometown insight.
Most projects fall into three pricing tiers:
- Landing page or small marketing site: $5,000–$20,000 with a timeline of 4–8 weeks
- Mid-sized corporate site or MVP: $25,000–$80,000 with a timeline of 3–6 months |
- Enterprise platform or custom SaaS: $90,000–$250,000+ with a timeline of 6–12+ months Hourly rates generally range from $80–$160 CAD, depending on city, seniority, and tech stack.
Start by listing must-have skills, Laravel? Headless Shopify? Then:
- Filter Clutch listings by tech expertise, budget, or location.
- Read at least three detailed client reviews for each shortlist candidate.
- Request case studies that match your industry or project size.
- Evaluate communication style during a discovery call.
- Confirm they track KPIs such as load time, conversions, and code coverage.
Because Canada hosts both Fortune 500s and cutting-edge startups, agencies work across:
- Fintech and banking (Toronto’s Bay Street)
- AI and SaaS (Waterloo–Toronto corridor)
- Gaming and entertainment (Montréal, Vancouver)
- Natural resources and energy (Calgary, Edmonton)
- Government and public sector projects requiring WCAG and bilingual compliance
Watch out for these red flags when hiring a web development firm in Canada:
- Vague proposals with no sprint breakdown or milestone dates
- Promises of “one-time” SEO fixes. Site health is ongoing
- No mention of QA or security audits
- Reluctance to hand over source code or repos
- All junior staff with no senior technical lead