Top PPC Agencies in Toronto
Toronto’s business scene spans Bay Street finance, Queen West retail, and a thriving tech corridor anchored by MaRS Discovery District and the University of Toronto. In such a competitive market, pay-per-click (PPC) advertising remains one of the fastest ways to win qualified traffic and measurable sales. Clutch simplifies your search for the right partner by collecting in-depth client reviews, verifying case studies, and ranking the top PPC agencies in Toronto. Use our filters—by hourly rate, industry, or platform expertise—to shortlist providers that match your budget and goals, whether you’re a B2B SaaS firm in Liberty Village or an e-commerce startup near Kensington Market.
Browse the global list of Top PPC Companies or the list of Toronto-based digital marketing agencies for broader comparisons.
Need talent outside the GTA? Check out PPC agencies in Montreal or PPC firms in Ottawa.
Looking for sector-specific help? View Toronto PPC agencies for healthcare.
If you require more generalized advertising services, you can find the right provider in our Toronto Top Advertising Agencies directory.
-
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$25,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Toronto, CanadaServices provided
See all 15 projectsPage Zero Media is a distinguished digital advertising and PPC agency, specializing in Google Ads and paid search campaigns. With a consistent track record of meeting and exceeding Return on Ad Spend (ROAS) targets, they have garnered overwhelmingly positive feedback from clients, with no negative comments identified. The agency is particularly praised for their professionalism, responsive communication, and in-depth industry knowledge, which 92% of reviewers highlighted as impressive.
$25,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Toronto, CanadaServices provided
See all 15 projectsPage Zero Media is a distinguished digital advertising and PPC agency, specializing in Google Ads and paid search campaigns. With a consistent track record of meeting and exceeding Return on Ad Spend (ROAS) targets, they have garnered overwhelmingly positive feedback from clients, with no negative comments identified. The agency is particularly praised for their professionalism, responsive communication, and in-depth industry knowledge, which 92% of reviewers highlighted as impressive.
-
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Rêveur Marketing, a PPC agency, is based in Toronto, Canada. They offer Pay Per Click and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Established in 2020, LeadGulls Digital Marketing Agency is a small pay per click agency. Their team specializes in Pay Per Click and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Pay per click company Sole Sigma is in Toronto, Canada. They offer Pay Per Click and Web Design and were established in 2020.
Read more -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
See all 18 projectsArnold Street Agency is a digital advertising firm specializing in Pay-Per-Click Advertising and Online Ad Campaigns. They have been commended for their responsive and creative approach, with 100% of reviewers noting their alignment with company values and adaptability. Clients report increased engagement and inquiries, showcasing their effectiveness in managing Google Ads and social media content.
-
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
Web design agency Tastic Marketing Inc. Was established in 2014. The team offers Web Design and Search Engine Optimization and is in Mississauga, Canada and Mississauga, Canada.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9Brampton, Canada
Services provided
Marketing Blitz Inc. Is a SEO company. The Brampton, Canada-based team provides Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Ecommerce Pathways Inc. Is a Toronto, Canada-based PPC agency. They specialize in Pay Per Click and Fulfillment.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Kalaa Creations, a pay per click agency, was established in 2018. The firm specializes in Pay Per Click and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
RozNix is a Business Consulting and pay per click company. Launched in 2016, the team focuses on Business Consulting and Pay Per Click. The firm is in Toronto, Canada.
Read more -
Undisclosed$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Green Lotus SEO Agency, a PPC company, offers Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization. The company is headquartered in Toronto, Canada and Toronto, Canada.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Richmond Hill, Canada
Services provided
H2O Digital Marketing Agency is a pay per click agency based in Richmond Hill, Canada. The team focuses on Pay Per Click and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Vaughan, Canada
Services provided
Shop Innovator is a web design agency. They are in Vaughan, Canada, and their services include Web Design and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Established in 2018, Searchbox Labs, a small pay per click company, is in Toronto, Canada. Their services include Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Hogtown Digital Co., a SEO agency and PPC company, provide Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click. They were launched in 2018.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Kaizenzo is a PPC company. The Toronto, Canada-based firm was established in 2021. Their services include Pay Per Click and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
Undisclosed$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Tan.cos.theta is a pay per click agency established in 2019. Based in Toronto, Canada, the team offers Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$50,000+Undisclosed50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Triple2s Agency is a pay per click company. Based in Toronto, Canada, the agency was established in 2015. Their services include Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Pay per click agency Hawkeye Digital is headquartered in Toronto, Canada. They offer Pay Per Click and Ecommerce Marketing and were founded in 2018.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
PPC company Search & Systems was established in 2022. The team focuses on Pay Per Click and Conversion Optimization and is headquartered in Toronto, Canada.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Established in 2012, Rogers OutRank is a pay per click company. Their services include Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
AsteroidX is a SEO company and pay per click agency launched in 2018. Their team focuses on Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Perpetua, a midsize PPC company, is headquartered in Toronto, Canada. Their services include Pay Per Click and Advertising.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Headquartered in Toronto, Canada, Merkle | Cardinal Path is a midsize PPC company. The team specializes in Pay Per Click and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Vaughan, Canada
Services provided
Analytics & Beyond Marketing, a SEO agency, focus on Search Engine Optimization and Web Design. They were established in 2014.
Read more -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
See all 1 projectsVirtualAd offers PPC services, including ad asset creation, campaign optimization, and budget management. Feedback highlights their expertise in producing low CPC results and effective app installs. Clients commend their willingness to innovate mid-campaign, exceptional service, and ability to act as an integral part of their team.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
SEO company Pedestal Search was launched in 2011. Based in Toronto, Canada, the team offers Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Vaughan, Canada
Services provided
ALM Corp is a SEO company. Their team is headquartered in Vaughan, Canada. The firm offers Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
OMyGro Digital Marketing Agency is a pay per click agency. They specialize in Pay Per Click and Advertising and are located in Toronto, Canada.
Read more -
$5,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
In Toronto, Canada, Powered by Search is a Digital Strategy company. Established in 2009, the team provides Digital Strategy and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Markham, Canada
Services provided
Kesec Marketing Corp is a pay per click company founded in 2008. The firm offers Pay Per Click and Web Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Productive Shop is a SEO company launched in 2016. Their team provides Search Engine Optimization and Content Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Click Media Lab is a Digital Strategy company headquartered in Markham, Canada and Toronto, Canada. They provide Digital Strategy and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
Undisclosed< $25 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
AtoZGrow, a SEO company, is in Toronto, Canada. Their services include Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
See all 1 projectsJive PR + Digital is a public relations and digital marketing firm specializing in media coverage, influencer partnerships, and social media engagement. Reviewers highlight their effective project management and extensive media network, with positive feedback from 100% of clients. Their thorough reporting and proactive communication are consistently praised, enhancing client visibility and engagement across platforms.
-
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
AOK Marketing, a SEO company, is based in New York, New York and Toronto, Canada. Launched in 1999, the team offers Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$1,000+< $25 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
See all 1 projectsProwess Marketing offers website redesign, SEO services, and caters to improving customer experience. Reviews highlight their professionalism, responsiveness, and ability to deliver projects on time and within budget. Clients praise Prowess Marketing for their creativity, dedication, and exceeding expectations, making them a highly recommended choice for website development projects.
-
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
See all 2 projectsShoelace offers comprehensive advertising management services, specializing in PPC, Cost Per Click, and Google Ads. Reviews highlight their effective communication, timely delivery, and a strong understanding of market-specific campaigns. Clients appreciate the value for cost, accurate reporting, and successful ad spend management.
-
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Vaughan, Canada
Services provided
Eskore digitals is a PPC agency. Their team is headquartered in Vaughan, Canada and specializes in Pay Per Click and Advertising.
Read more -
Undisclosed$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
See all 6 projectsZen Republic digital agency specializes in Pay-Per-Click Advertising, particularly in Google Ads and CPC campaigns. With a consistent track record of increasing leads and reducing cost per lead, they receive overwhelmingly positive feedback, with 100% of clients noting their excellent communication and market analysis skills. Their adaptability and alignment with client values are frequently praised.
-
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
OrbitWeb is a Digital Strategy company. Launched in 2017, the agency is in Toronto, Canada. Their services include Digital Strategy and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Mediative is a Digital Strategy company. They are headquartered in Montreal, Canada and Toronto, Canada and have midsize team. They offer Digital Strategy and Email Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
The Search Architects is a SEO services firm established in 2020. The agency provides Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click, and is small.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Brandalytics, a pay per click company, was launched in 2017. The small team specializes in Pay Per Click and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
SEO company 4th Line Marketing is based in Mississauga, Canada. They specialize in Search Engine Optimization and Pay Per Click and were launched in 2020.
Read more -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
Headquartered in Mississauga, Canada, SEO Virtual Assistants is a Content Marketing company. They provide Content Marketing and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Markham, Canada
Services provided
Affiliate Marketing company SEO Executor | SEO Agency in USA & Canada is headquartered in Markham, Canada. They specialize in Affiliate Marketing and Pay Per Click and were established in 2020.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Services provided
Narcity Media Group is a video production company. Based in Toronto, Canada, the firm was established in 2013. Their team provides Video Production and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Markham, Canada
Services provided
Founded in 2015, MRCK marketing is a pay per click company. The team specializes in Pay Per Click and Mobile & App Marketing.
Read more -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Mississauga, Canada
Services provided
Digital Strategy company Website Management Services was founded in 1996. The team focuses on Digital Strategy and Social Media Marketing and is based in Mississauga, Canada.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Services provided
3DM Digital Marketing Agency is a Toronto, Canada-based Content Marketing company. The team specializes in Content Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more
Share your project goals, and we’ll connect you with verified partners who fit your budget and timeline.
Get My Matches
Tell us what you need — we’ll match you with top agencies in minutes.
Get My MatchesWhy Trust Clutch
At Clutch, we believe trust is the foundation of every business relationship. Our mission is to help buyers make confident, data-backed decisions informed by real client experiences.
Every review on Clutch undergoes a rigorous, human-led verification process to make sure it’s valid. Our team of specialists confirms the identity of each reviewer, ensures the project is legitimate, and only publishes reviews that meet our strict criteria.
Verification doesn’t stop at the point of publication. Our Trust & Safety team routinely audits older reviews against our guidelines. When reviews fall short of our standards, we remove them.
We evaluate service providers using a structured methodology that combines:
- In-depth client interviews and ratings
- Comprehensive project details
- Market presence
- Portfolio examples and industry recognition
This data powers tools like the Leaders Matrix, which helps you compare agencies directly. Our research team curates rankings by weighing verified reviews most heavily, so the most trusted and experienced providers rise to the top.
Using this unique combination of verified client feedback and provider-supplied insights, Clutch distills the most important details into clear, digestible summaries so you have everything you need to make confident, informed decisions quickly.
We take fraud seriously. Providers who violate our guidelines may face lower rankings, restricted visibility, or removal from the platform altogether.
Clutch’s commitment to transparency is ongoing. We’re constantly refining our systems to protect the integrity of reviews and support you in finding the right agency.
List of the Top 15 Toronto PPC Companies
-
$25,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
34.4/40.017.4/20 Reviews7.4/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
85% Pay Per Click15% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
37.7/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Pay Per Click60% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
39.8/40.019.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience10/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Pay Per Click80% Other -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr250 - 999Brampton, Canada
Ability to deliver
34.7/40.017.4/20 Reviews8.1/10 Clients & Experience9.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Pay Per Click75% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
31.2/40.016.4/20 Reviews9.6/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
85% Pay Per Click15% Other -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
30.2/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.5/10 Clients & Experience5.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Pay Per Click10% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Mississauga, Canada
Ability to deliver
37.3/40.019/20 Reviews9.5/10 Clients & Experience8.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Pay Per Click75% Other -
$5,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
34.4/40.016.8/20 Reviews9.4/10 Clients & Experience8.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
35% Pay Per Click65% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
39.6/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Pay Per Click90% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
34.1/40.019.6/20 Reviews9.5/10 Clients & Experience5/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Pay Per Click60% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
31.5/40.016.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
45% Pay Per Click55% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
37.5/40.018.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
15% Pay Per Click85% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
39/40.019.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Pay Per Click90% Other -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
31.1/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Pay Per Click50% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
35.3/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Pay Per Click80% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
35/40.018.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Pay Per Click75% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
34.8/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Pay Per Click75% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
35.8/40.017.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Pay Per Click80% Other -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.2/40.017.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Pay Per Click80% Other -
$50,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
35.1/40.016.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Pay Per Click80% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
31.3/40.015.6/20 Reviews8.6/10 Clients & Experience7.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Pay Per Click70% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
32.6/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.1/10 Clients & Experience8.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Pay Per Click70% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Vaughan, Canada
Ability to deliver
25.9/40.016.2/20 Reviews5.1/10 Clients & Experience4.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Pay Per Click30% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
36.6/40.017/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Pay Per Click90% Other -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
32.1/40.018/20 Reviews7.1/10 Clients & Experience7/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Pay Per Click70% Other -
$5,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49Vaughan, Canada
Ability to deliver
35.9/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Pay Per Click90% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
31.4/40.016/20 Reviews8.1/10 Clients & Experience7.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Pay Per Click70% Other -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr50 - 249Mississauga, Canada
Ability to deliver
31.3/40.016.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience4.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Pay Per Click75% Other -
$10,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Vaughan, Canada
Ability to deliver
30.2/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.3/10 Clients & Experience5.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
35% Pay Per Click65% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Toronto, Canada
Ability to deliver
32.2/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Pay Per Click70% Other
Top PPC Agencies in Toronto
Working with a local team offers several advantages:
- Market insight: Agencies understand Toronto’s diverse neighborhoods, from startup-heavy Distillery District to enterprise hubs in North York.
- Time-zone alignment: Real-time collaboration during Eastern Time business hours speeds up approvals and optimizations.
- Networking clout: Local firms often have partnerships with Google Canada and attend events like Collision Conference, giving clients early access to beta features.
If your campaigns target the GTA or wider Canadian market, these on-the-ground insights can outperform a remote, generic approach.
Pricing varies by scope and agency size, but most Toronto PPC services fall into three buckets:
- Hourly consulting: $100–$175 CAD per hour | Short audits or in-house team support |
- Monthly retainer: $2,500–$10,000+ CAD | Ongoing ad management across multiple platforms |
- Percentage of ad spend: 10%–20% of media budget | High-spend accounts (>$25k/month) needing performance incentives
Boutique shops may offer starter packages for under $2,000 CAD, while enterprise-focused agencies on Bay Street can charge premium retainers exceeding $15,000 CAD.
Toronto’s agencies mirror the city’s economic diversity. You’ll find strong expertise in:
- Fintech and financial services
- Healthcare and biotech
- E-commerce and retail fashion
- SaaS and enterprise software
- Real estate and proptech
- Hospitality, tourism, and education (thanks to institutions like Toronto Metropolitan University)
Many companies list niche experience—e.g., cannabis marketing compliance or multilingual campaigns for immigration law—so filter by vertical when comparing profiles.
Follow these steps:
- Define KPIs: clicks, leads, online sales, or in-store visits.
- Review Clutch profiles for case studies in your industry.
- Ask shortlisted agencies about Google Partner status and local client references.
- Compare reporting cadence and tool stack (e.g., Looker Studio, SEMrush, Shopify).
- Start with a three- to six-month pilot before signing an annual contract.
A transparent strategy roadmap and clear communication style often signal a reliable partner.
Be careful of companies that showcase any of these red flags:
- Guaranteed rankings or ROI claims without data to back them up
- One-size-fits-all pricing that ignores your business model
- Limited access to ad accounts—reputable agencies give you full ownership
- Lack of bilingual support if you’re targeting both English and French audiences
- Outdated reporting (monthly PDFs) instead of real-time dashboards
If any of these arise during discovery calls, keep evaluating other providers.