Top Email Marketing Companies
-
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Grapevine, TXServices provided
See all 70 projectsInbox Army, LLC is a specialized email marketing agency adept at Email Campaigns, Email List Management, and Email Automation. Customer reviews consistently praise their commitment to client satisfaction, with over 90% highlighting their responsiveness, attention to detail, and ability to deliver on time. Their strategic approach and expertise have notably enhanced email engagement and conversion rates.
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Gurugram, IndiaServices provided
See all 7 projectsOptimite is a specialized agency providing comprehensive email marketing services, including email design, automation, and campaign management. Reviewers consistently praised their timely delivery, high-quality output, and robust project management, with a 100% satisfaction rate reported. Their adaptability and alignment with client needs, especially in scaling email outreach and engagement strategies, are also frequently highlighted.
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Medina, OHServices provided
See all 28 projectsOne 10 Media is a distinguished email marketing agency specializing in email campaigns, email automation, and email engagement strategies. Reviewers consistently commend their strategic alignment, proactive communication, and commitment to understanding client needs, resulting in significant revenue growth and efficient project management. An impressive 90% of feedback highlights their flexibility and personalized approach, with particular praise for delivering timely and effective solutions.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Natick, MA
Services provided
Founded in 1976, Sundin Associates is an Advertising company. The team provides Advertising and Branding.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49
Services provided
Primitive Social is a social media marketing company. Located in , the company was founded in 2011. Their team provides Social Media Marketing and Video Production.
Read more -
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Denver, COServices provided
See all 24 projectsMH Digital is a specialized email marketing agency known for its expertise in Email Campaigns, Email Automation, and Email Engagement Strategies. With a 100% positive feedback rating, clients consistently praise their strategic insights, timely delivery, and ability to integrate seamlessly into team operations. Many reviews highlight MH Digital's proficiency in improving email performance metrics, such as revenue growth and customer engagement.
$1,000+< $25 / hr50 - 249Ed, SwedenServices provided
See all 62 projectsA-SALES AB is a company specializing in outbound lead generation and sales outreach through Email Marketing services. With a 90% positive feedback rate, clients consistently appreciate their expertise in creating precise, customized Email Campaigns, and their organized project management. However, one review highlighted significant dissatisfaction, citing unprofessionalism and ineffective communication. Despite this, A-SALES AB is generally recognized for effectively boosting client engagement and pipeline growth.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Ciudad de México, Mexico
Services provided
DAP Marketing is a Ciudad de México, Mexico-based social media marketing company. Established in 2001, the team offers Social Media Marketing and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Bogotá, Colombia
Services provided
Ostia is an Advertising company headquartered in Bogotá, Colombia. Their services include Advertising and Branding.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Bogotá, Colombia
Services provided
Crear Imagen is a Digital Strategy company. Their small team is located in Bogotá, Colombia and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Their services include Digital Strategy and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Chicago Heights, IL
Services provided
Core Integrated Marketing is a graphic design company launched in 1982. The team focuses on Graphic Design and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Jerusalem, Israel
Services provided
IMP Group Ltd. Is an Event Management company established in 1985. The team specializes in Event Management and Branding and is headquartered in Jerusalem, Israel.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Amsterdam, Netherlands
Services provided
Social Elephant is an Advertising company founded in 2012. The team specializes in Advertising and Social Media Marketing and is headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49São Paulo, Brazil
Services provided
Advertising company Saber5 Publicidade was founded in 2003. Located in São Paulo, Brazil, the team specializes in Advertising and Branding.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49
Services provided
Linkbuffer Studios is a SEO agency. They are in Partille, Sweden and have small team of experts. Their services include Search Engine Optimization and Web Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Anaheim, CA
Services provided
Presidio Strategic Communications is a public relations firm. Their small team of employees is in Anaheim, California. Their team focuses on Public Relations and Web Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49São Paulo, Brazil
Services provided
Mais Packing Design is a branding agency. Their small team of employees is in São Paulo, Brazil. Their team offers Branding and Event Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49São Paulo, Brazil
Services provided
Comunicação Aberta, a branding firm, was established in 2016. The company offers Branding and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Montréal, Canada
Services provided
Walter Interactive is a Conversion Optimization company. The Montréal, Canada-based company offers Conversion Optimization and E-Commerce Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Services provided
Global Marketing e Eventos is an Event Marketing company. Founded in 2002, the team specializes in Event Marketing and Marketing Strategy. The agency is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Services provided
Agência Banana Brasil is a branding firm. They were launched in 2009 and specialize in Branding and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Services provided
Agência CSX, a Digital Strategy company, was launched in 2005. The team provides Digital Strategy and Social Media Marketing and is in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Services provided
Launched in 2006, R.Macedo Live Marketing is a branding firm. Their services include Branding and Marketing Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Services provided
Agência Masa is a Digital Strategy company. Founded in 2019, the agency focuses on Digital Strategy and Graphic Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Wayville, Australia
Services provided
Alltraders, a software development company, was established in 2006. They focuses on Custom Software Development and Graphic Design.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Málaga, Spain
Services provided
Launched in 2016, Rocketfy is a Digital Strategy company. The team offers Digital Strategy and Mobile App Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Services provided
Located in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Amplo Brasil is a branding company. Their services include Branding and Marketing Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Services provided
FBK Comunicação Integrada, a Digital Strategy company, was established in 1994. Based in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, the team offers Digital Strategy and Advertising.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49
Services provided
Website development company Agos Design was founded in 2018. The agency focuses on Web Development and Advertising.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Guelph, Canada
Services provided
Sway is a Guelph, Canada-based branding agency. They focus on Branding and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Providencia, Chile
Services provided
LeytonMedia is a Digital Strategy company located in Providencia, Chile. They offer Digital Strategy and E-Commerce Development and were founded in 1994.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Málaga, Spain
Services provided
Digital Strategy company La Biznaga Digital provides Digital Strategy and Search Engine Optimization. They were established in 2016.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Whittier, CA
Services provided
Xeno Network is a web design agency in Whittier, California. The team specializes in Web Design and Content Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Bitonto, Italy
Services provided
Comma3 is an Advertising company. Their small team of employees is headquartered in Bitonto, Italy. Their team specializes in Advertising and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Services provided
Koli Comunicação e Marketing is an Advertising company. They are based in Belo Horizonte, Brazil and have small team. Their team provides Advertising and Branding.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49New York, NY
Services provided
Established in 1994, Mfa, Ltd. Marketing & PR, a small Advertising company, is in New York, New York. Their team provides Advertising and Marketing Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49
Services provided
In Texas, ForGreen Marketing & Design is a branding company. The team offers Branding and Business Consulting.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Kew, Australia
Services provided
Web Choice Online Pty Ltd is a Kew, Australia-based mobile app development firm. Founded in 2005, the team offers Mobile App Development and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49
Services provided
CODE mktg. Is a branding agency. Launched in 2019, the agency offers Branding and Corporate Training & Coaching.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Linden, NJ
Services provided
Cox Printers and Digital Media is a Direct Marketing company. Established in 1907, the firm is based in Linden, New Jersey. Their team focuses on Direct Marketing and Graphic Design.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Trichur, India
Services provided
Advertising company Nexxa Corporates was established in 2020. The firm focuses on Advertising and Content Marketing, and is small.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Pereira, Colombia
Services provided
SingleClick Solutions is a small mobile app development company located in Pereira, Colombia. Their services include Mobile App Development and Custom Software Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Newtown Square, PA
Services provided
Mendoza Group, Inc. Is a Marketing Strategy company. Their small team of employees is headquartered in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Their team provides Marketing Strategy and Media Planning &
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Services provided
European Virtual Assistant is a Market Research company. They provide Market Research and Event Marketing and are based in Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Kortrijk, Belgium
Services provided
Yello C.V. Is a telephone answering service founded in 2003. The team specializes in Call Center Services and Customer Service Outsourcing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Halifax, Canada
Services provided
Nicom Interactive, a small software development firm, is located in Halifax, Canada. Their services include Custom Software Development and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Saroornagar, India
Services provided
Social media marketing agency Relyon Technologies was established in 2006. The team offers Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing and is located in Hyderabad, India and Saroornagar, India.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Atlanta, GA
Services provided
RocketLevel is a Content Marketing company launched in 2017. The company offers Content Marketing and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Portland, OR
Services provided
Founded in 2009, GRAYBOX, a small web design company, is headquartered in Portland, Oregon. Their services include Web Design and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Bath, England
Services provided
Clearly is a Content Marketing company. They focus on Content Marketing and Public Relations and are based in Bath, England and London, England.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Hyderabad, India
Services provided
Biz-Hub Communications is a call center. Launched in 2020, the team offers Call Center Services and Social Media Marketing. The company is based in Hyderabad, India.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Hyderabad, India
Services provided
MK Digitalmare Pvt Ltd is a web design company. The firm is based in Hyderabad, India. Their team specializes in Web Design and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Kowloon, Hong Kong
Services provided
SEO agency Boss Digital Ltd was founded in 1999. Based in Kowloon, Hong Kong, the team offers Search Engine Optimization and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
Services provided
Chicle Communications, a branding firm, was launched in 2011. The small team provides Branding and Direct Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49
Services provided
Headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada, MediaLyon is a small Email Marketing company. The team specializes in Email Marketing and Conversion Optimization.
Read more
Share your project goals, and we’ll connect you with verified partners who fit your budget and timeline.
Get My Matches
Tell us what you need — we’ll match you with top agencies in minutes.
Get My MatchesWhy Trust Clutch
At Clutch, we believe trust is the foundation of every business relationship. Our mission is to help buyers make confident, data-backed decisions informed by real client experiences.
Every review on Clutch undergoes a rigorous, human-led verification process to make sure it’s valid. Our team of specialists confirms the identity of each reviewer, ensures the project is legitimate, and only publishes reviews that meet our strict criteria.
Verification doesn’t stop at the point of publication. Our Trust & Safety team routinely audits older reviews against our guidelines. When reviews fall short of our standards, we remove them.
We evaluate service providers using a structured methodology that combines:
- In-depth client interviews and ratings
- Comprehensive project details
- Market presence
- Portfolio examples and industry recognition
This data powers tools like the Leaders Matrix, which helps you compare agencies directly. Our research team curates rankings by weighing verified reviews most heavily, so the most trusted and experienced providers rise to the top.
Using this unique combination of verified client feedback and provider-supplied insights, Clutch distills the most important details into clear, digestible summaries so you have everything you need to make confident, informed decisions quickly.
We take fraud seriously. Providers who violate our guidelines may face lower rankings, restricted visibility, or removal from the platform altogether.
Clutch’s commitment to transparency is ongoing. We’re constantly refining our systems to protect the integrity of reviews and support you in finding the right agency.
List of the Top 15 Email Marketing Agencies
-
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Grapevine, TX
Ability to deliver
38.6/40.018.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Email Marketing10% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Oakland, CA
Ability to deliver
37.9/40.018.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Email Marketing10% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Staten Island, NY
Ability to deliver
37.9/40.018.6/20 Reviews9.7/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Email Marketing40% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Singapore, Singapore
Ability to deliver
37.7/40.019.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
55% Email Marketing45% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Newport, RI
Ability to deliver
36.3/40.016.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Email Marketing10% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49L'viv, Ukraine
Ability to deliver
35.3/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
75% Email Marketing25% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Denver, CO
Ability to deliver
34.2/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Email Marketing10% Other -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49Gurugram, India
Ability to deliver
33.7/40.018/20 Reviews8.8/10 Clients & Experience6.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
85% Email Marketing15% Other -
$10,000+Undisclosed2 - 9San Francisco, CA
Ability to deliver
33.4/40.015.6/20 Reviews9.2/10 Clients & Experience8.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Email Marketing10% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Canada
Ability to deliver
33.4/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Email Marketing30% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Seattle, WA
Ability to deliver
33.3/40.015.6/20 Reviews9.2/10 Clients & Experience8.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
80% Email Marketing20% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Brooklyn, NY
Ability to deliver
33.3/40.016.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience6.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Email Marketing30% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr250 - 999Ahmedabad, India
Ability to deliver
38.5/40.020/20 Reviews8.8/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Email Marketing80% Other -
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49Hallandale Beach, FL
Ability to deliver
32.9/40.018/20 Reviews8.8/10 Clients & Experience6.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
80% Email Marketing20% Other -
$1,000+< $25 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
36.9/40.017.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Email Marketing60% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49New York, NY
Ability to deliver
32/40.016.2/20 Reviews9.7/10 Clients & Experience6.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Email Marketing30% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Randwick, Australia
Ability to deliver
32/40.016.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Email Marketing -
$1,000+< $25 / hr2 - 9London, England
Ability to deliver
31.5/40.016.2/20 Reviews9.2/10 Clients & Experience6/10 Market PresenceService focus
90% Email Marketing10% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Brașov, Romania
Ability to deliver
35.7/40.018.8/20 Reviews9.4/10 Clients & Experience7.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Email Marketing60% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Lostwithiel, England
Ability to deliver
31.1/40.017/20 Reviews9.5/10 Clients & Experience4.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
75% Email Marketing25% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Philadelphia, PA
Ability to deliver
36.1/40.016.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Email Marketing70% Other -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr250 - 999Oakville, Canada
Ability to deliver
40/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience10/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Email Marketing90% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr250 - 999San Diego, CA
Ability to deliver
39.9/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Email Marketing90% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Colbert, WA
Ability to deliver
38.4/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Email Marketing75% Other -
$5,000+Undisclosed50 - 249Jackson, WY
Ability to deliver
30.6/40.017.6/20 Reviews5.8/10 Clients & Experience7.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
65% Email Marketing35% Other -
Undisclosed$50 - $99 / hr50 - 249Wrocław, Poland
Ability to deliver
30.5/40.015.6/20 Reviews7.9/10 Clients & Experience7/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Email Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Irvine, CA
Ability to deliver
37.2/40.018/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
30% Email Marketing70% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Tampa, FL
Ability to deliver
30.5/40.016.8/20 Reviews8.1/10 Clients & Experience5.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
75% Email Marketing25% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249Denver, CO
Ability to deliver
30.3/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.5/10 Clients & Experience5.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Email Marketing50% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Windham, NH
Ability to deliver
31.9/40.016.8/20 Reviews7.9/10 Clients & Experience7.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Email Marketing40% Other
Email Marketing Agency FAQs
Looking for an email marketing agency but not sure where to start? We've put together answers to the most common questions businesses ask when searching for a trusted partner. This FAQ covers what you need to know before hiring an email marketing agency, from pricing and services to results and red flags.
Clutch showcases firms that create automated campaigns, nurture leads, and improve conversions through email twice a year based on a proprietary methodology. The top email marketing agencies for Fall 2025 include:
An email marketing company plans, builds, and optimizes campaigns that move prospects through your sales funnel. Their typical responsibilities include audience segmentation, template design, copywriting, automation flow setup, deliverability monitoring, and performance reporting. Instead of juggling creative, technical, and analytical tasks internally, you can outsource to a specialist team that already knows best practices for inbox placement and conversion.
Agencies track metrics like revenue per email, conversion rate, subscriber lifetime value, and list churn. Advanced teams tie email performance back to multi-touch attribution models or customer data platforms so you can see how campaigns influence overall pipeline and retention.
Email marketing agencies are dedicated to helping clients reach their target audience cost-efficiently. If you’re planning to team up with a provider soon, here are some services you can expect:
- Strategy workshops and list growth planning
- ESP migration or platform setup (e.g., Klaviyo, HubSpot, Braze)
- Creative services (e.g., mobile-responsive templates, GIFs, dynamic content)
- Automated sequences (i.e., welcome, cart-abandon, re-engagement, post-purchase)
- A/B testing, personalization, and data analytics
- Deliverability audits and inbox placement fixes
Some firms also bundle paid social retargeting or SMS for a cohesive lifecycle approach. When evaluating prospective service providers, make sure to verify and assess the quality of the work they offer — regardless if you need comprehensive work or focused services.
Clutch data shows monthly retainers range from $2,500 to as high as $15,000 depending on several key factors such as list size, send volume, and service depth. Moreover, hourly rates generally fall between $75 – $150. Ultimately, it depends on what you are looking for – a small business needing two automated flows might spend $5,000 for setup, while an enterprise with millions of contacts could invest $20,000 per month for full lifecycle management and creative testing.
Finding the right email marketing provider is crucial to your investment’s success. To make sure you don’t feel overwhelmed once you look for potential providers, the first step you should do is clarify your goals (e.g., higher open rates, revenue per send, automation build-out). After that, you can proceed with the following:
- Shortlist agencies with proven results in your industry.
- Review Clutch feedback for communication style, project management, and ROI.
- Request case studies and ask about specific KPIs they improved.
- Evaluate cultural fit, reporting cadence, and tech stack expertise.
- Compare pricing models—flat retainer, percent of revenue, or project-based—and ensure deliverables are clear in the contract.
While there’s no flawless service provider, it’s crucial to match with the ideal team to avoid mishaps or costly headaches. Be cautious if a provider has any of the following warning signs:
- Guarantees specific open or revenue numbers (inbox algorithms shift)
- Uses purchased lists or suggests scraping emails
- Lacks transparency on creative ownership or ESP access
- Provides sparse reporting or avoids explaining metrics
- Overlooks compliance requirements like CAN-SPAM or GDPR
- Which industries do you specialize in, and can I see related case studies?
- What ESPs and automation tools are you certified in?
- How do you segment audiences and personalize content?
- What’s your process for improving deliverability?
- How frequently will we review performance metrics together?
- Who owns the creative assets and account data if we part ways?
A freelancer is ideal for one-off template designs or copy tweaks on a tight budget. An agency offers multidisciplinary teams—strategists, designers, developers, and analysts—able to manage end-to-end programs, integrate with CRMs, and scale testing. If your goal is sustainable revenue growth and complex automation, an agency’s broader expertise and bandwidth generally deliver higher long-term ROI.