Top Social Media Marketing Companies in the United Kingdom
From London’s global advertising scene and MediaCityUK in Greater Manchester to thriving creative hubs in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Bristol, and Leeds, the United Kingdom is home to standout social media marketing talent. The right UK agency can help you grow brand awareness, launch paid social campaigns, manage communities, and turn content into measurable revenue.
Clutch makes it easier to hire with confidence: browse agency profiles, compare verified reviews, filter by budgets, and see work samples and platform certifications. Use filters for location, industry focus (e.g., fintech, e-commerce, healthcare), and services (organic, paid, influencer, social listening) to shortlist partners that match your goals and timeline. Explore options across the UK or go city-specific to align with your in-house team’s timezone and collaboration needs. Start here:
• Top Social Media Marketing Companies
• Social Media Marketing Companies in London
• Social Media Marketing Companies in Manchester
-
Featured
What are Featured Providers?
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Serves United KingdomServices provided
See all 18 projectsProhibition is a digital marketing agency specializing in social media marketing, offering services such as social media strategy, social media advertising, and online branding. Across multiple reviews, they are praised for their creativity, professionalism, and ability to meet deadlines, with clients reporting significant improvements in social media engagement and exposure. Over 90% of the feedback is positive, highlighting their expertise in social media campaigns and strategy.
-
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Leighton Buzzard, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsStreamwork Marketing is a digital marketing agency specializing in tailored website development and strategic online solutions. Reviews indicate a high level of satisfaction, with clients praising their project management skills, responsiveness, and commitment to understanding unique business needs. While 90% of feedback is positive, one minor issue with blog writing was promptly addressed, showcasing their dedication to client satisfaction.
-
Undisclosed$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Edinburgh, Scotland
Services provided
See all 1 projectsSophie Jones Social is a digital marketing company specializing in enhancing online visibility through social media, newsletters, and digital sales strategies. According to 100% of reviewers, the company excels in communication and effectiveness, leading to increased sales and customer awareness. Clients express complete satisfaction with their services, indicating a positive overall experience.
-
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Swindon, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsZUDARO is an SEO agency known for delivering comprehensive strategies to enhance search engine rankings and organic traffic. Reviews highlight their exceptional project management and deep expertise, with 100% of feedback being positive, emphasizing their data-driven approach and industry understanding. Clients appreciate their timely delivery and effective communication.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Holywood, Northern Ireland
Services provided
Ardmore Advertising and Marketing, an Advertising company, is in Holywood, Northern Ireland. They specialize in Advertising and Branding and were established in 1989.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9London, England
Services provided
See all 3 projectsMarketesia is a digital marketing company specializing in social media marketing and online branding. Reviews highlight their effectiveness in enhancing social media presence and SEO performance, with 100% of feedback being positive. Clients appreciate their collaborative approach, professionalism, and the tangible growth in LinkedIn followers and website traffic.
-
$5,000+$25 - $49 / hr10 - 49London, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsBlind Pig Media is a digital marketing agency that claims to offer comprehensive services, including Social Media Marketing and online branding. However, based on the reviews, they have received overwhelmingly negative feedback, with complaints about unfulfilled promises and poor campaign results. Approximately 100% of the reviews highlight dissatisfaction with their services and issues in refund processing.
-
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr250 - 999London, England
Services provided
Group SJR is a Content Marketing company. Their team is located in New York, New York and Toronto, Canada. The firm focuses on Content Marketing and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed50 - 249Bath, England
Services provided
The Social Shepherd is a social media marketing agency in Bath, England. Their services include Social Media Marketing and Pay Per Click.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49london, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsThe Alpha Brand is a web development company praised for their expertise in website design, user experience, and optimization. The feedback is overwhelmingly positive, with 100% of reviewers noting effective communication and satisfaction with the project management. Their work resulted in a 50% decrease in website bounce rate and increased traffic, illustrating their proficiency and impact.
-
$5,000+UndisclosedFreelancerLondon, England
Services provided
Valley Green Social is a social media marketing agency. They are based in London, England, and their services include Social Media Marketing and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Belfast, Northern Ireland
Services provided
Social media marketing firm Rapid Agency focuses on Social Media Marketing and Web Design. They are headquartered in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Leeds, England
Services provided
Launched in 2009, Umpf is a public relations agency. The team provides Public Relations and Branding.
Read more -
$10,000+Undisclosed10 - 49London, England
Services provided
PingPong Digital is a social media marketing company. The London, England-based team focuses on Social Media Marketing and Web Development.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9London, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsSplendid Webs is a web development company that offers web design, plugin management, and strategic advisory services. They are highly regarded by clients, with 100% positive feedback emphasizing their transparency, accountability, and dedication to client success. Approximately 80% of reviewers noted their advisory role and commitment to local community growth.
-
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Brighton, England
Services provided
Founded in 2014, Seed - SEO, PPC & Social Marketing Agency is a social media marketing company. Their team offers Social Media Marketing and Search Engine Optimization.
Read more -
$25,000+Undisclosed10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Disrupt Marketing is a small London, England-based social media marketing company. The team provides Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Edinburgh, Scotland
Services provided
Heehaw Ltd is a video production company located in Edinburgh, Scotland. They offer Video Production and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249London, England
Services provided
Midsize media planning and buying company Influence Digital, is in London, England. Their services include Media Planning & Buying and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$5,000+$25 - $49 / hr10,000+London, England
Services provided
Globant is a large web development firm. They offer Web Development and Custom Software Development and were founded in 2003.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Birmingham, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsAIM Internet is a digital marketing agency specializing in lead management, leveraging strategies such as SEO, PPC, and social media to drive website traffic and conversions. The company received overwhelmingly positive feedback, with 100% of reviewers praising their organized workflow, significant ROI, and ability to exceed expectations.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Kent, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsSV-Marketing is a digital marketing agency specializing in paid advertising across various platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, Google, and TikTok. They have consistently exceeded client expectations, achieving an average 15X return on ad spend. Approximately 100% of the feedback highlights their exceptional project management and ability to tailor advertising strategies to client needs, underscoring their effectiveness in scaling campaigns and maximizing engagement.
-
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49London, England
Services provided
See all 2 projectsMonzix provides comprehensive Digital Marketing services, including ad management and Social Media Management, with a strong emphasis on transparent reporting and regular communication. Their reviews highlight their deep understanding of clients' needs and impressive project outcomes, such as significantly increased turnover. Clients appreciate Monzix's dedication and effective workflow management.
-
$5,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Gramafilm, a small video production agency, is located in London, England. The team provides Video Production and Event Marketing.
Read more -
$5,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Event Marketing company GosuRabbit is headquartered in London, England. Their services include Event Marketing and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Birmingham, England
Services provided
Social media marketing company Clarity Comms was established in 2013. The agency specializes in Social Media Marketing and Media Planning & Buying.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249West Midlands, England
Services provided
WPR is a PR agency. The West Midlands, England-based team specializes in Public Relations and Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed50 - 249Nottingham, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsCartwright Communications is a digital marketing agency specializing in Social Media Marketing and PR initiatives. Their expertise in social media strategy and online branding has led to increased followers and site traffic for clients. Reviews highlight their strong project management and industry knowledge, with 100% positive feedback on their commitment to client success.
-
$1,000+< $25 / hrFreelancerSpitalfields, England
Services provided
Smfame, a small social media marketing agency, is headquartered in Spitalfields, England. The team provides Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49Dudley, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsSocialfollowers provides digital marketing services focused on enhancing brand awareness and engagement through organic solutions. According to client feedback, the company is praised for its professional team and effective collaboration, achieving a high success rate and delivering impressive results. Their ability to tailor strategies to meet customer needs is highlighted as a key strength.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49London, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsRewaqe Marketing is a Social Media Marketing company specializing in Social Media Management and Social Media Strategy. Their clients, like VTech, praise their creativity and timely delivery, with 100% of reviews highlighting their effective project management and content creation.
-
UndisclosedUndisclosed2 - 9Spitalfields, England
Services provided
Instapple is a social media marketing company founded in 2018. Their team offers Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Sunderland, England
Services provided
See all 1 projectsFound Digital Ltd is an SEO and digital marketing agency known for its technical audits, SEO optimization, and website migration services. Reviewers highlight their proactivity and transparency, with 100% positive feedback emphasizing significant improvements in website metrics such as a 26% revenue increase, a 10% rise in conversion rates, and enhanced site speed.
-
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Colchester, England
Services provided
Reach Digital Ltd, a branding agency, offers Branding and Social Media Marketing. The agency is in Colchester, England.
Read more -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249London, England
Services provided
1000heads is a social media marketing agency. They are headquartered in London, England and have midsize team. They specialize in Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$50,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249London, England
Services provided
Social media marketing company The Social Element was established in 2002. The team offers Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing and is based in New York, New York and London, England.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Based in London, England, 1394ta is a small social media marketing agency. The team provides Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Portsmouth, England
Services provided
In Portsmouth, England, Giraffe Social Media is a social media marketing company. They provide Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing and were established in 2012.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Kingston upon Thames, England
Services provided
Immediate future is a Kingston upon Thames, England-based social media marketing firm. The team specializes in Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49Birmingham , England
Services provided
JC Social Media is a social media marketing agency. The Birmingham , England-based company was founded in 2011. Their team focuses on Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+Undisclosed10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Playhite, a small social media marketing company, is headquartered in London, England. The team offers Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr250 - 999London, England
Services provided
Mischief PR is a social media marketing company. They were founded in 2006, and their services include Social Media Marketing and Digital Strategy.
Read more -
UndisclosedUndisclosed10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Born social is a social media marketing agency. They were launched in 2012, and their services include Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Glasgow, Scotland
Services provided
We Are Hydrogen is a small social media marketing company launched in 2016. Their services include Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Didcot, England
Services provided
SocialPro is a social media marketing firm. Their small team is in Didcot, England and offers Social Media Marketing and Marketing Strategy. The company was founded in 2022.
Read more -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49London , England
Services provided
Agency:2 is a social media marketing firm. Based in London , England, the team provides Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Chichester, England
Services provided
Kitch Media Ltd, a social media marketing agency, was established in 2012. The team provides Social Media Marketing and is headquartered in Chichester, England.
Read more -
$10,000+$200 - $300 / hr50 - 249London, England
Services provided
BIG Linden, a social media marketing firm, was established in 2010. Located in Arlington, Virginia and Long Beach, California, the team offers Social Media Marketing and Content Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr2 - 9Wath upon Dearne, England
Services provided
AT Social Media is a social media marketing firm. They provide Social Media Marketing and are in Wath upon Dearne, England.
Read more -
$5,000+Undisclosed10 - 49London, England
Services provided
Bespoke Leads is a social media marketing company. Founded in 2012, the agency is based in London, England. Their services include Social Media Marketing.
Read more -
$1,000+$25 - $49 / hr2 - 9Leeds, England
Services provided
The Daniel Latto Group Ltd is a social media marketing agency. Launched in 2012, the agency focuses on Social Media Marketing and Video Production.
Read more
Share your project goals, and we’ll connect you with verified partners who fit your budget and timeline.
Get My Matches
Tell us what you need — we’ll match you with top agencies in minutes.
Get My MatchesWhy Trust Clutch
At Clutch, we believe trust is the foundation of every business relationship. Our mission is to help buyers make confident, data-backed decisions informed by real client experiences.
Every review on Clutch undergoes a rigorous, human-led verification process to make sure it’s valid. Our team of specialists confirms the identity of each reviewer, ensures the project is legitimate, and only publishes reviews that meet our strict criteria.
Verification doesn’t stop at the point of publication. Our Trust & Safety team routinely audits older reviews against our guidelines. When reviews fall short of our standards, we remove them.
We evaluate service providers using a structured methodology that combines:
- In-depth client interviews and ratings
- Comprehensive project details
- Market presence
- Portfolio examples and industry recognition
This data powers tools like the Leaders Matrix, which helps you compare agencies directly. Our research team curates rankings by weighing verified reviews most heavily, so the most trusted and experienced providers rise to the top.
Using this unique combination of verified client feedback and provider-supplied insights, Clutch distills the most important details into clear, digestible summaries so you have everything you need to make confident, informed decisions quickly.
We take fraud seriously. Providers who violate our guidelines may face lower rankings, restricted visibility, or removal from the platform altogether.
Clutch’s commitment to transparency is ongoing. We’re constantly refining our systems to protect the integrity of reviews and support you in finding the right agency.
List of the Top 15 United Kingdom Social Media Marketing Agencies
-
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
36.3/40.017.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Social Media Marketing30% Other -
Undisclosed$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Birmingham, England
Ability to deliver
32.9/40.016.6/20 Reviews8.6/10 Clients & Experience7.8/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Social Media Marketing -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr250 - 999London, England
Ability to deliver
32.9/40.016.4/20 Reviews6.9/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Social Media Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Leeds, England
Ability to deliver
36.4/40.016.8/20 Reviews9.7/10 Clients & Experience9.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Social Media Marketing60% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9London, England
Ability to deliver
35.8/40.017.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Social Media Marketing50% Other -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249London, England
Ability to deliver
32/40.015.6/20 Reviews9/10 Clients & Experience7.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
75% Social Media Marketing25% Other -
$1,000+< $25 / hr2 - 9Manchester, England
Ability to deliver
31.7/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.9/10 Clients & Experience6.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Social Media Marketing30% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249London, England
Ability to deliver
39.4/40.019.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Social Media Marketing80% Other -
$1,000+$50 - $99 / hr2 - 9Billericay, England
Ability to deliver
31.4/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
100% Social Media Marketing -
$10,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9Portsmouth, England
Ability to deliver
32.7/40.016.2/20 Reviews9.9/10 Clients & Experience6.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Social Media Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$50 - $99 / hr250 - 999London, England
Ability to deliver
39.7/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Social Media Marketing90% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
37.1/40.017.8/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Social Media Marketing75% Other -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
29.2/40.013.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
70% Social Media Marketing30% Other -
$5,000+$200 - $300 / hr10 - 49Covent Garden, England
Ability to deliver
29.2/40.016.2/20 Reviews7.6/10 Clients & Experience5.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Social Media Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
37.5/40.018.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.3/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Social Media Marketing80% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Manchester, England
Ability to deliver
39.7/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Social Media Marketing90% Other -
$10,000+$50 - $99 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
37.5/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Social Media Marketing80% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49Lancaster, England
Ability to deliver
38.5/40.020/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience8.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
15% Social Media Marketing85% Other -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
32.7/40.015.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience7.1/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Social Media Marketing60% Other -
$1,000+< $25 / hr50 - 249London, England
Ability to deliver
34.8/40.015.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Social Media Marketing75% Other -
$10,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
28.1/40.015.8/20 Reviews5.8/10 Clients & Experience6.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
60% Social Media Marketing40% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
35.8/40.016.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.2/10 Market PresenceService focus
25% Social Media Marketing75% Other -
$1,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
39/40.020/20 Reviews9.6/10 Clients & Experience9.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Social Media Marketing90% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr50 - 249London, England
Ability to deliver
35.6/40.016/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
20% Social Media Marketing80% Other -
UndisclosedUndisclosed250 - 999London, England
Ability to deliver
34.8/40.016.2/20 Reviews8.8/10 Clients & Experience9.9/10 Market PresenceService focus
15% Social Media Marketing85% Other -
$5,000+$150 - $199 / hr50 - 249London, England
Ability to deliver
38.1/40.018.4/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.7/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Social Media Marketing90% Other -
$50,000+$150 - $199 / hr10 - 49Birmingham, England
Ability to deliver
31.9/40.015.8/20 Reviews7.6/10 Clients & Experience8.4/10 Market PresenceService focus
40% Social Media Marketing60% Other -
$5,000+$100 - $149 / hr10 - 49London, England
Ability to deliver
38.2/40.018.6/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience9.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
10% Social Media Marketing90% Other -
$1,000+Undisclosed2 - 9London, England
Ability to deliver
31.8/40.016.2/20 Reviews10/10 Clients & Experience5.5/10 Market PresenceService focus
45% Social Media Marketing55% Other -
$1,000+$100 - $149 / hr2 - 9London, England
Ability to deliver
30.6/40.015.8/20 Reviews8.2/10 Clients & Experience6.6/10 Market PresenceService focus
50% Social Media Marketing50% Other
Latest Social Media Marketing Articles
See all articles
What Motivates Online Community Membership?
Knowledge and connection, not discounts, build communities. We’ll discuss what Clutch's recent consumer survey reveals about online community engagement.
UK Social Media Marketing FAQs
Pricing varies thanks to variables like scope, platforms, and seniority. Most Clutch-listed UK SMM teams charge:
- Monthly retainers: £1,500 – £8,000+
- Paid social management: £1,500 – £6,000+ per month
- Campaign-based projects: £5,000 – £30,000+
- Day rates for senior consultants or content teams: £400 – £1,200
- Influencer campaigns: creator fees + coordination (often a % or fixed project fee)
Before signing any contract, especially for long-term partnerships, make sure to ask for clarity on what’s included and how ad spend and tool costs are handled.
Local SMM agencies commonly support a broad range of verticals and niches, reflecting the UK’s strong global connectedness and diversity. Many firms here support:
- E-commerce and retail — catalog ads, TikTok Shop, and social commerce funnels
- Fintech and financial services — compliance-aware content and LinkedIn thought leadership
- Health care and life sciences — regulated messaging and patient/community education
- Media, sports, and entertainment — fan engagement and live activation
- Travel, hospitality, and events — seasonal and destination marketing
- B2B SaaS and professional services — ABM-aligned social, webinars, and lead-gen campaigns
Outline a set of search criteria based on your project’s objectives and requirements. Then, browse through Clutch’s directories and evaluate your options on:
- Platform expertise — Meta, TikTok, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Snapchat, Reddit
- Creative capabilities — content studio, motion/UGC, creator network, localization
- Monitoring and analytics — clear KPIs, MMM/attribution approach, first-party data use, and GA4 proficiency
- Governance and compliance expertise — CAP Code/ASA and GDPR compliance, brand safety, approval workflows
- Proof of work — case studies with metrics, sample reports, and references in your industry
- Confirm ownership — you retain ad accounts, pixels, and data access
- One-size-fits-all packages without audience or competitor research
- Vanity metrics emphasis with no link to revenue or pipeline
- Limited transparency on fees, creator costs, or ad account access
- Long lock-in contracts without pilot phases or performance checkpoints
- Unvetted influencer partnerships or unclear usage rights for UGC
- No plan for crisis comms, moderation SLAs, or compliance reviews
Never turn a blind eye to these red flags. Be objective and thorough when you’re evaluating possible partners for your project.
UK-based agencies bring deep knowledge of local audiences, media standards, and regulations, while operating in a convenient time zone for European teams. Many firms maintain strong relationships with creators and publishers across London, Manchester, and Scotland, helping brands secure authentic partnerships and earned reach.
The UK’s ecosystem spans global brands, high-growth startups, and universities like Oxford, Cambridge, and LSE that fuel top-tier marketing talent. Whether you’re targeting UK consumers or broader EMEA markets, UK-based teams can tailor creative and compliance to ASA and CAP Code guidelines while coordinating in real time.